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Angina

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(Unstable Angina; Stable Angina; Angina Pectoris; Cardiac Angina; Variant Angina)

Animation Movie Available What is Angina Pectoris?

Definition

Angina is pain or discomfort in the chest. It often has a squeezing or pressure-like feel. This discomfort can also be felt in the shoulders, arms, neck, jaws, or back. Anginal pain usually lasts for no more than 2-10 minutes. It is relieved by rest or nitroglycerin.
Types of angina include:
  • Stable angina—Has a predictable pattern. You generally know what brings it on and relieves it. You may also know what the intensity will be.
  • Unstable angina—Is more unpredictable and/or severe. Chest pain may occur while resting or even sleeping (nocturnal angina). The discomfort may last longer and be more intense than that of stable angina.
    • Unstable angina may be a sign that you are about to have a heart attack. It should be treated as an emergency.
  • Variant or Prinzmetal's angina—Occurs when you are at rest. It most often occurs in the middle of the night. It can be quite severe.
Typical Angina Pain Areas
IMAGE
Women are more likely to experience atypical pain, outside of these areas.
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Causes

Angina is usually a sign of coronary artery disease (CAD). It occurs when the blood vessels leading to your heart are blocked. The blockage decreases the blood and oxygen flow to your heart. When your heart is deprived of oxygen, you will feel chest pain and other symptoms.
Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary Artery plaque
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Stable or Unstable Angina

Angina occurs when your heart's need for blood and oxygen is increased by:
  • Exercise or exertion
  • Cold weather
  • A large meal
  • Emotional stress
Stable angina becomes unstable when symptoms:
  • Occur more often
  • Last longer
  • Are triggered more easily

Variant or Prinzmetal's Angina

This type of angina is usually caused by a spasm of a heart vessel. It may indicate that you have one of the following conditions:
This type of angina is usually caused by a spasm of a heart vessel. It may indicate that you have one of the following conditions:

Risk Factors

Major risk factors for CAD include the following:
  • Gender: male
  • Increased age
  • Strong family history of heart disease
  • Obesity and overweight
  • Smoking
  • High blood pressure
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • High blood cholesterol (specifically, high low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol and low high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol)
  • Diabetes
Other risk factors for CAD:

Symptoms

  • Pressure or squeezing chest pain
    • Some people do not experience the pain as severely
    • Elderly people, women, and people with diabetes are more likely to have atypical or subtle symptoms
    • Some people have silent ischemia (lack of blood supply to the heart) and experience no symptoms of chest pain
    • Chest pain of any kind requires a medical evaluation to determine the cause
    • Chest pain or discomfort is the key symptom of angina
The likelihood of a heart attack is increased when chest discomfort is severe, lasts more than 15 minutes, and is accompanied by other symptoms, such as:
  • Pain in the shoulder(s) or arm(s), or into the jaw(s)
  • Weakness
  • Sweating
  • Nausea
  • Shortness of breath

Diagnosis

Tests will be done right away to see if you are having an episode of angina or a heart attack. If you have a stable pattern of angina, other tests may be done to determine the extent of your disease. The test results will help to create a treatment plan.
The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done.
Tests may include:

Treatment

Treatments for angina include:

Medications

  • Nitroglycerin—Usually given during an attack of angina as a tablet that dissolves under the tongue or as a spray.
    • Longer-lasting types may be used to prevent angina before an activity—May be given as pills, or applied as patches or ointments.
  • Blood thinners—A small, daily dose of aspirin has been shown to decrease the risk of heart attack.
    • Some may benefit from the addition of warfarin (Coumadin). There is an increased risk of bleeding with this drug.
    • Talk to your doctor before taking aspirin daily or warfarin.
  • Beta-blockers and calcium-channel blockers—May reduce the occurrence of angina
  • Cholesterol-lowering medications—May prevent the progression of CAD; may even improve existing CAD
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)—Lower blood pressure and decrease the workload on your heart
  • Ranolazine (Ranexa)—To treat angina

Surgery

Patients with severe angina or unstable, progressing angina may benefit from:

Prevention

If you already have angina, you can prevent an onset by being aware of what starts it.
If you don't have angina, preventing the development of CAD may reduce your chance of getting the condition.
Steps to prevent CAD include managing risk factors:
  • Maintain a healthy weight.
  • Begin a safe exercise program with the advice of your doctor.
  • Stop smoking.
  • Eat a healthy diet. It should be low in saturated fat. It should also be rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables.
  • Appropriately treat high blood pressure and/or diabetes.
  • Appropriately treat abnormal cholesterol levels or high triglycerides.

RESOURCES

American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org

American Heart Association http://www.heart.org

National Heart Lung and Blood Institute http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov

CANADIAN RESOURCES

Canadian Cardiovascular Society http://www.ccs.ca

Colege of Family Physicians of Canada http://www.cfpc.ca

References

Angina. EBSCO Health Library website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/healthLibrary. Updated November 2, 2012. Accessed November 2, 2012.

Angina. EBSCO Natural and Alternative Treatments website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/healthLibrary/. Updated July 2012. Accessed November 2, 2012.

Dickstein K, Kjekshus J. Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;360:752.

Lopez-Sendon J, Swedberg K, et al. Expert consensus document on angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in cardiovascular disease. The Task Force on ACE-inhibitors of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:1454.

Reenan J. Clinical Pearl: Indications for bypass surgery. American Medical Association website. Available at: http://virtualmentor.ama-assn.org/2004/02/cprl1-0402.html. Accessed November 2, 2012.

What is angina? National Heart Lung and Blood Institute website. Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/angina. Accessed November 2, 2012.

7/14/2006 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance. Available at: http://dynamed.ebscohost.com/about/about-us: Andreotti F, Testa L, et al. Aspirin plus warfarin compared to aspirin alone after acute coronary syndromes: an updated and comprehensive meta-analysis of 25,307 patients. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:519-26.

Revision Information

This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.

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